The Java Language Specification

James Gosling is a Fellow and Vice President at Sun Microsystems, the creator of the Java programming language, and one of the computer industries most noted programmers. He is the 1996 recipient of Software Development's " Programming Excellence Award ". He previously developed NeWS, Sun's network-extensible window system, and was a principal in the Andrew project at Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned a PhD in Computer Science. Bill Joy is founder and Vice President of Research at Sun Microsystems, where he has led the company's technical strategy, working on both hardware and software architecture. He is well known as the creator of the Berkeley version of the UNIX operating system, for which he received a lifetime achievement award from the USENIX Association in 1993. He received the ACM " Grace Murray Hopper Award " in 1986. Joy has had a central role in shaping the Java programming language. Guy-L Steele Jr is a Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems, where he is responsible for the specification of the Java programming language as well as research in parallel algorithms. He is well known as the co-creator of the Scheme programming language and for his reference books for the C programming language (with Samuel Harbison) and for the Common Lisp programming language. Steele received the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1988 and was named an ACM Fellow in 1994. Gilad Bracha is Computational Theologist at Sun Microsystems, and a researcher in the area of object-oriented programming languages. Prior to joining Sun, he worked on " Strongtalk ", the Animorphic Smalltalk System. He holds a BSc in Mathematics and Computer Science from Ben Gurion University in Israel and a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Utah.